References

Autism Education Trust. (n.d.). Teachers tools: What are visual strategies? Oxfordshire Government. https://www.oxfordshire.gov.uk/sites/default/files/file/special-educational-needs/aet_teacherstools_what-are-visual-strategies.pdf

ALS SLA Canada. (2014, November 19). 260,000 Canadians raise over $16 million through ALS ice bucket challenge. https://als.ca/media-room/260000-canadians-raise-16-million-als-ice-bucket-challenge/

Beano. (n.d.). The 5 dance crazes everyone is talking about [Video]. https://www.beano.com/posts/the-5-dance-crazes-everyone-is-talking-about

Benveniste, A. (2022, January 26). The meaning and history of memes. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/26/crosswords/what-is-a-meme.html

Big Think. (n.d.). Anatomy of a meme: From inside joke to viral celebrity. https://bigthink.com/articles/anatomy-of-a-meme-from-inside-joke-to-viral-celebrity/

Birches, E. (2018). Do memes have to be images?. Quora. https://www.quora.com/Do-memes-have-to-be-images

Brown, H. (2022, September 28). The surprising power of internet memes. BBC Future. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220928-the-surprising-power-of-internet-memes

Brozyna, E. (2022, August 3). Why did vine shut down? A deep dive into the beloved short form video app. PureWow. https://www.purewow.com/entertainment/why-did-vine-shut-down

Burnham, S. L. F., Arbeit, M. R., & Hilliard, L. J. (2022). The subtle spread of hateful memes: Examining engagement intentions among parents of adolescents. Social Media + Society, 8(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051221095100 

Carlson, R. (2021a, October 1). MEMES, Part 1: Kilroy was here [Podcast transcript]. WBUR. https://www.wbur.org/endlessthread/2021/10/01/memes-kilroy

Carlson, R. (2021b, October 15). MEMES, Part 4: Woman yelling at a cat [Podcast transcript]. WBUR. https://www.wbur.org/endlessthread/2021/10/15/memes-woman-yelling-at-cat

Cole, S. (2018, June 12). Researchers studied 160 million memes and found most of them come from two websites. Vice. https://www.vice.com/en/article/zm884j/where-do-memes-come-from-researchers-studied-reddit-4chan

Davis W. (2022, October 1). The ice bucket challenge wasn’t just for social media. It helped fund a new ALS drug. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2022/10/01/1126397565/the-ice-bucket-challenge-wasnt-just-for-social-media-it-helped-fund-a-new-als-dr 

de Luna, E. (2022, February 25). The inside story of how Tumblr lost its way. Mashable. https://mashable.com/article/how-tumblr-lost-its-way

Dewey, C. (2015, December 23). 2015 is the year that Tumblr became the front page of the Internet. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/03/11/move-over-reddit-tumblr-is-the-new-front-page-of-the-internet/

Diamond, D. (2014, August 29). The ALS ice bucket challenge has raised $100 million – and counting. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/dandiamond/2014/08/29/the-als-ice-bucket-challenge-has-raised-100m-but-its-finally-cooling-off/?sh=32636365cfbb

Donovan, J., Dreyfuss, E., & Friedberg, B. (2022). Meme wars: The untold story of the online battles upending democracy in America. Bloomsbury Publishing.

Douglas, N. (2014). It’s supposed to look like shit: The internet ugly aesthetic. Journal of Visual Culture, 13(3), 314–339. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470412914544516

Evans, R., & Wilson, J. (2020, May 27). The boogaloo movement is not what you think. Bellingcat. https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2020/05/27/the-boogaloo-movement-is-not-what-you-think/

Fisher, M. (2021, April 30). From memes to race war: How extremists use popular culture to lure recruits. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/04/30/extremists-recruiting-culture-community/

García López, F., & Martínez Cardama, S. (2020). Strategies for preserving memes as artefacts of digital culture. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 52(3), 895–904. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961000619882070

Garton, A. (2022, December 5). How many people play Fortnite? Player count in 2022. Dexerto. https://www.dexerto.com/fortnite/how-many-people-play-fortnite-player-count-1666278/

GoodGoodGood. (2022, January 1). 32 best quotes about activism – by activists. https://www.goodgoodgood.co/articles/quotes-on-activism 

Hitchcock, D. (2022). Critical thinking: History. In E. N. Zalta & U. Nodelman (Eds.), Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Winter 2022 Edition). Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/critical-thinking/history.html

Ho Tran, T. (2022, December 10). Image apps like Lensa AI are sweeping the internet, and stealing from artists. The Daily Beast. https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-lensa-ai-and-image-generators-steal-from-artists

Incitrio. (2014, February 18). Scientists study why internet stories go viral. https://incitrio.com/scientists-study-why-internet-stories-go-viral/

Ireland, S. (2018). Fake news alerts: Teaching news literacy skills in a meme world. The Reference Librarian, 59(3), 122–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/02763877.2018.1463890

Johnson, S. (2016, September 15). Memetics and the science of going viral. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/memetics-and-the-science-of-going-viral-64416

Jones, K., Libert, K., & Tynski, K. (2016, May 23). The emotional combinations that make stories go viral. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2016/05/research-the-link-between-feeling-in-control-and-viral-content

Koebler, J. (2017, April 6). You are almost definitely sharing memes made by Nazis. Vice. https://www.vice.com/en/article/aepbzb/is-it-ethical-to-source-dank-memes-from-nazi-mines

kurrija. (2012, February 11). y u no listen to us? [Photograph]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/kurrija/6860067025

Lyons, B. A. (2022). Insidiously trivial: Meme format reduces perceived influence and intent to debate partisan claims. Media and Communication, 10(3), 196–205. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v10i3.5388

MacDonald, S. (2021). What do you (really) meme? Pandemic memes as social political repositories. Leisure Sciences, 43(1/2), 143–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2020.1773995

Martindale, J. (2022, July 13). What is a meme? Here’s everything you need to know. Digital Trends. https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/what-is-a-meme/

Matamoros-Fernández, A., & Rodriguez, A. (2022, September 29). Not just a joke: we scoured TikTok for anti-Asian humour during the pandemic, and found too many disappointing memes. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/not-just-a-joke-we-scoured-tiktok-for-anti-asian-humour-during-the-pandemic-and-found-too-many-disappointing-memes-184166 

McCrae, J. (2018, May 8). Meme marketing: How brands are speaking a new consumer language. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbescommunicationscouncil/2017/05/08/meme-marketing-how-brands-are-speaking-a-new-consumer-language/

Mello-Klein, C. (2022, December 9). The AI portrait app Lensa has gone viral, but it might be more problematic than you think. News @ Northeastern. https://news.northeastern.edu/2022/12/09/portrait-ai-app/#:~:text=Other%20users%20have%20criticized%20Lensa,in%20fantasy%20art%2C%20she%20says. 

Menczer, F. & Hills, T. (2020, December 1). Information overload helps fake news spread, and social media knows it. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/information-overload-helps-fake-news-spread-and-social-media-knows-it/

Moreno-Almeida, C. (2020). Memes as snapshots of participation: The role of digital amateur activists in authoritarian regimes. New Media & Society, 23(6), 1545-1566. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820912722 

Meyer, C. (2021, May 1). How memes and internet irony are hijacked for radicalization. ASIS. https://www.asisonline.org/security-management-magazine/articles/2021/05/how-memes-and-internet-irony-are-hijacked-for-radicalization/

Myers, S. L. (2022, October 13). How social media amplifies misinformation more than information. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/13/technology/misinformation-integrity-institute-report.html

Nicolaou, E. & Smith, C. E. (2019, October 7). A #MeToo timeline to show how far we’ve come – & how far we need to go. Refinery29. https://www.refinery29.com/en-ca/2019/10/8534374/a-metoo-timeline-to-show-how-far-weve-come-how-far-we-need-to-go

Nightingale, S. J., Wade, K. A. & Watson, D. G. (2017). Can people identify original and manipulated photos of real-world scenes? Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 2(30), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-017-0067-2 

North, A. (2019, October 4). 7 positive changes that have come from the #MeToo movement. Vox. https://www.vox.com/identities/2019/10/4/20852639/me-too-movement-sexual-harassment-law-2019

Paez, D. (2019, June 28). TikTok: All the best memes, challenges, and dances and how to find them. Inverse. https://www.inverse.com/article/57150-tiktok-memes-challenges-dances-videos-how-to-find-them

Perez, S. (2021, December 20). TikTok to rank as the third largest social network, 2022 forecast notes. TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2021/12/20/tiktok-to-rank-as-the-third-largest-social-network-2022-forecast-notes/

Phillips, W. (2019, July 7). The best internet memes make communication an art form. But there is a dark side. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/best-internet-memes-make-communication-art-form-there-dark-side-ncna1025451

Psychology Today. (n.d.). Memes. https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/basics/memes

Rogers, K. (n.d.). Meme: A cultural concept. Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/meme

Shane, C. (2022, August 17). Why do we love TikTok audio memes? Call it ‘brainfeel.’ The New York Times Magazine. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/08/17/magazine/tiktok-sounds-memes.html

Shifman, L. (2014). Memes in digital culture [E-book]. The MIT Press.

Sifferlin, A. (2014, August 18). Here’s how the ALS ice bucket challenge actually started. Time. https://time.com/3136507/als-ice-bucket-challenge-started/

Simplified. (2021, April 17). Meme design and making a meme go viral. https://simplified.com/blog/marketing/the-ingredients-of-viral-meme-design/

Snelling, J. (2019, December 6). In a meme culture, how to spark critical thinking about images. School Library Journal. https://www.slj.com/story/In-a-Meme-Culture-How-To-Spark-Critical-Thinking-About-Images

Solon, O. (2013, June 20). Richard Dawkins on the internet’s hijacking of the word “meme.” Wired. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/richard-dawkins-memes

Sprout Social. (n.d.). Meme. https://sproutsocial.com/glossary/meme/

Tangalakis-Lippert, K. (2022, December 10). Lensa AI’s owner says the company’s face-changing tech can be tricked into generating NSFW images — but some users are saying it happened to them without even trying. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/lensa-ai-photo-app-generating-nsfw-images-without-prompting-2022-12

Taylor, Z. (2018, May 14). A complete history of the dab. Culture Kings. https://www.culturekings.com/blogs/news/a-complete-history-of-the-dab

Tauber, R. (2022, February 9). Abbie Richards fights TikTok disinformation with a cup of tea, a conspiracy chart and a punchline. GBH. https://www.wgbh.org/news/local-news/2022/02/09/abbie-richards-fights-tiktok-disinformation-with-a-cup-of-tea-a-conspiracy-chart-and-a-punchline

The Webby Awards. (2013, May 22). Patton Oswalt present meme of the year [Video]. Youtube. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MxJ2pPKc414

Todd, B. (Host). (2022, December 10). What is with those AI images all over Facebook right now? [Audio podcast episode]. In There Are No Girls on the Internet. I Heart Radio. https://omny.fm/shows/there-are-no-girls-on-the-internet/what-is-with-those-ai-images-all-over-facebook-rig#description 

Vopson, M. M. (2021, May 4). The world’s data explained: How much we’re producing and where it’s all stored. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/the-worlds-data-explained-how-much-were-producing-and-where-its-all-stored-159964

Wang, J., & Wang, H. (2015). From a Marketplace to a Cultural Space: Online Meme as an Operational Unit of Cultural Transmission. Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, 45(3), 261–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047281615578847

Woodworth, A. (2019). Amplify Your Impact: My Body is Ready: Best Practices for Using Memes on Library Social Media. Reference & User Services Quarterly, 58(2), 87. https://doi.org/10.5860/rusq.58.2.6928